A 41-year-old female complaining of an eight month history of dysphagia from 8 months ago presented to the Otolaryngology Department at Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. There was no history of any current infections of the upper respiratory tract, dental problems, and inflammations of the oral cavity, oropharynx, salivary glands, nose, or paranasal sinuses. There was no pain, malaise, fever, or weight loss.

A 32-year-old man was presented to the Department of Otolaryngology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran complaining of a left-sided neck lump since five months. The mass was located in the posterior part of the left submandibular region (Figure 1). There was no history of infections of upper respiratory tract, dental problems, or inflammations of oral cavity, oropharynx, salivary glands, nose, and paranasal sinuses. There was no pain, malaise, fever, or weight loss. He had no dysphagia, odynophagia, hoarseness, regurgitation, aspiration, or sense of pharyngeal numbness.

External defibrillation in patients with implanted neuromodulatory devices is a crucial therapeutic challenge. We report a 63-year-old male patient with refractory epilepsy (RE) after recurrent ischaemic strokes in the middle cerebral artery...

The Vagus Nerve (VN), the longest cranial Nerve and an essential part of the parasympathetic system, connects the central nervous system to respiratory, cardiovascular, immune, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems and is involved in the maintenance of homeostasis by controlling these systems. Vagus Nerve stimulation (VNS) is related to any method that would stimulate the vagal Nerve via electrical stimulation. VNS is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment for medication-resistant depression, drug-resistant epilepsy, and migraine. However, VNS has also been studied for various other conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and tinnitus, by targeting the VN in the neck and ear. Currently, there are two methods for VNS: a) invasive-VNS (iVNS), which requires surgical implantation of a pulse generator under the anterior chest wall, that is linked through a wire to an electrode cuff that wraps around a cervical Vagus Nerve, b) non-invasive transcutaneous VNS which is separated into cervical transcutaneous vagal Nerve stimulation (ctVNS) and auricular transcutaneous vagal Nerve stimulation (atVNS). The non-invasive transcutaneous VNS techniques are well tolerated and have no significant side effects, making them effective in clinical research for brain diseases. Because with these newer methods, the electrical stimulation is carried out through the skin. The results of this study were collected using the advanced search in Scientific Information Database (SID), Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus between 2011 to 2021. Out of 671 articles surveyed, we used 53 articles in the study after the evaluation. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Keyword Searching was carried out through the MeSH database. VNS has been shown to alter neural activity in multiple areas of the brain related to the regulation of the affective states. However, the precise mechanism of VNS action on the clinical consequences is still unknown. This study aimed to review the therapeutic effect of both methods of VNS in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression, migraine, seizure, tinnitus and Alzheimer's disease and discuss several hypotheses on the mechanism of VNS, as a new approach, in the treatment of such disorders. It considers that a brain-mapping approach is needed to discover the therapeutic mechanisms of VNS in brain diseases.

Context: Methamphetamine (MA) use and the mortality it causes are increasing worldwide. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the destructive eff, ects of MA use are complex,however, there is much evidence that MA induces the dysfunction of monoaminergic transmission and causes oxidative stress, neuroinfl, ammation, gliosis, and apoptosis. These toxic eff, ects are associated with cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity and with an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system, which altogether manifest themselves in clinical symptoms, such as neuropsychiatric disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Evidence Acquisition: There is no approved treatment for methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) despite all eff, orts made to date. The behavioral and pharmacological approaches currently used for the treatment of MUD are not completely eff, ective. In this study, it is hypothesized that the stimulation of the Vagus Nerve and biological pathways underlying the processes of this stimulation might be eff, ective as adjunctive therapy. Results: Despite the potential eff, ects of Vagus Nerve stimulation (VNS) to improve MUD, no study has yet examined the clinical potential eff, ects of VNS in patients with the disorder. Conclusions: Therefore, further studies, including experimental and clinical trials, are needed to examine the eff, ects of VNS on MUD.

Background: Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome is a refractory epilepsy syndrome that predominantly affects children, with a higher incidence in school-age children and is associated with infectious factors. Case report: A 6-year-old boy developed sudden symptoms characterized by fever and a disorder of consciousness, rapidly progressing into drug-refractory status epilepticus (SE). The electroencephalogram revealed diffuse slow-wave activity in the background, with partial seizures originating from the left temporal and occipital regions that gradually generalized. Brain MRI showed no abnormalities in the signal. Due to the failure of multi-drug anti-epileptic therapy, a ketogenic diet was administered and the frequency of seizure was reduced, however, a ketogenic diet was administered, which reduced the frequency of seizures,however, the ketogenic diet treatment was discontinued due to intolerance. After discharge, both the ketogenic diet and anti-seizure medications (ASMs) were administered to the patient. Upon follow-up, occasional seizures were reported, accompanied by unconsciousness and a significant decline in cognitive function compared to the pre-onset period.   Conclusions: No specific treatment modality is available for febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome,however, a ketogenic diet and Vagus Nerve stimulation (VNS) may offer potential efficacy in controlling acute seizures and improving prognosis.